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Systems Practices As Common Sense
On July 16, 1945 the first nuclear bomb was detonated at White Sands Proving Ground in New Mexico. The Trinity nuclear test forever changed the world. There were massive developments that arose from this huge event like Interstate Freeways and the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE). Additionally Systems Engineering emerged. It was matured and honed to such a level that many in the field started to view it as common sense. Unfortunately what might be considered common sense or just training from one perspective might be viewed as significant knowledge and education from another perspective. This knowledge was captured in the complex collection of for profit companies, non-profit companies, think tanks, and national labs. Now we are faced with the dilemma that many of these institutions have disappeared and many of the practitioners have died. This book is an attempt to capture some of this knowledge and pass it to the next generation. Second Edition.
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Instructor Information
The text has 47 chapters, an appendix, bibliography and index. Each chapter concludes with Exercises and Additional Reading. The content offers a description of how to execute various practices, examples, and then author comments. The author comments are identified, but occasionally the commentary does slip into the description of the practices. The model of the content structure is based on 3 years experience advising Undergraduate University students on their senior year systems engineering projects. Each chapter is structured so that an instructor can modify the level of detail offered in their course. Supporting material is readily available via the references that are in the public domain produced by NASA, FAA, DOD and others. The references form the foundation of the systems engineering that led to humans landing on the moon, satellites, air traffic control and many other systems we now enjoy. They are also the foundation of this text.
The first edition of this book has been used in graduate level systems engineering courses since 2011. This book is for professors needing a graduate or undergraduate level systems engineering textbook and those interested in systems, current systems practitioners, managers, and policy makers. First published in 2011 it includes the initial content plus new and expanded content on Critical Thinking, Socratic Method, Linear and Nonlinear Thinking, Systems Thinking, Systems Theory and Thoughts, more on Decision Making, and Profit Loss Statements and Valuation.
I offer courses at Drexel University.
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The table of contents below shows the detailed topics for instructor planning. The table of contents in the book only shows the main chapters, unfortunately the text was page limited to 740 pages and so the detailed table of contents was cut. Figures, tables, and examples are shown below and they are part of the table of contents in the book.
| Main Topics | Some Details |
| 1 Systems Practices
2 Introduction |
10.2.1 Night Vision And Eye Rods And Cones 10.2.2 Display Flicker And Eye Persistence 10.2.3 Field Of View And Eye Rod Cone Distribution 10.2.4 Color Selection Eye Focal Points 10.2.5 Contrast 10.2.6 Color Use 10.2.7 Blink Or Flash Rates 10.2.8 Warning And Caution Displays 10.2.9 Display Distance Placement And Text Size 10.2.10 Display Technologies 10.3.1 High Fidelity Recording Playback 10.3.2 Voice Grade Application 10.3.3 Noise Response 10.3.4 Sidetone 10.3.5 Ambient Noise 10.3.6 Audio Signals 10.6.1 Vibration 10.6.2 Force And Push 10.6.3 Snap Action 10.6.4 Detents 10.6.5 Position Size Shape Texture Movement 10.6.6 Physically Disparate 10.6.7 Mission Critical Tactile Feedback 10.7.1 Anthropometry 10.7.2 Ergonomic Risk Factors 10.7.3 Ergonomic Design Starting Points 15.3.1 Message Transfer 15.3.2 Acknowledgement 15.3.3 Non Acknowledgement 15.3.4 Interrupt 15.3.5 Polling 15.3.6 Round Robin 15.3.7 Queue 15.3.8 Event Driven 15.3.9 Cyclic 15.3.10 Buffer 20.6.1 Inherent Fault Tolerance 20.6.2 Passive Fault Tolerance 20.6.3 Reconfiguration Fault Tolerance 20.7.1 Check Lists And Inspections 20.7.2 Sensors And Instrumentation 20.7.3 Inverse Or Reverse Processing 20.7.4 Parity 20.7.5 Cyclic Redundancy Check 20.7.6 Sequence Counter 20.7.7 Progress Monitor 20.7.8 Keep Alive Signals 20.7.9 Diagnostics 20.7.10 Data Checking 20.7.11 Statistical Transient Fault Tracking 20.10.1 Cold Standby 20.10.2 Hot Standby 20.10.3 Multiprocessing 20.10.4 Dual String 20.10.5 Voting 20.10.6 Path Isolation 21.2.1 Hazard Identification 21.2.2 Hazard Assessment 21.2.3 Hazard Assessment Probability 21.2.4 Hazard Risk Index 23.7.1 Linear Output Time Paths 23.7.2 Exponential Output Time Paths 23.7.3 Goal Seeking Output Time Paths 23.7.4 Oscillation Output Time Paths 23.7.5 S-Shaped Output Time Paths 23.7.6 Stocks And Flows 23.14.1 Model Verification 23.14.2 Model Validation 23.14.3 Model Certification And Accreditation 24.1.1 Technology Readiness Levels 24.1.1.1 Nasa Technology Readiness Levels 24.1.1.2 Dod Technology Readiness Levels 24.1.1.3 Nato Technology Readiness Levels 24.1.1.4 Esa Technology Readiness Levels 24.1.1.5 Faa Technology Readiness Levels 24.1.2 Advancement Degree Of Difficulty Assessment 24.1.3 The Big Picture 25.5.1 Requirement Imperatives 25.5.2 Requirement Sentence Structure Suggestions 25.5.3 Requirement Words And Phrases To Avoid 25.5.4 Requirement Document Structure 26.3.1 A Level System Segment Specification 26.3.2 B Level Development Specifications 26.3.2.1 Prime Item Development Specification 26.3.2.2 Critical Item Development Specification 26.3.2.3 Non-Complex Item Development Specification 26.3.2.4 Facility Or Ship Development Specification 26.3.2.5 Software Development Specification 26.3.3 C Level Product Specifications 26.3.3.1 Prime Item Product Specifications 26.3.3.1.1 Prime Item Product Function Specification 26.3.3.1.2 Prime Item Product Fabrication Specification 26.3.3.2 Critical Item Product Specification 26.3.3.2.1 Critical Item Product Function Specification 26.3.3.2.2 Critical Item Product Fabrication Specification 26.3.3.3 Non-Complex Item Product Fabrication Specification 26.3.3.4 Inventory Item Specification 26.3.3.5 Software Product Specification 26.3.4 D Level Process Specification 26.3.5 E Level Material Specification 26.3.6 Two Part Specification 26.5.1 Very Course Grain Traceability 26.5.2 Course Grain Traceability 26.5.3 Fine Grain Traceability 26.5.4 Very Fine Grain Traceability 26.6 Traceability Reviews 26.6.1 Specification Parent Child Reports 26.6.2 Test Parent Child Reports 27.3.1 Centralized Architecture 27.3.2 Fully Distributed Architecture 27.3.3 Partially Distributed Architecture 27.3.4 Hierarchical Architecture 27.3.5 Centralized Architecture Backups And Capacity 27.3.5.1 Cold Standby Processor 27.3.5.2 Hot Standby Processor 27.3.5.3 Very Tightly Coupled Multiprocessing 27.3.5.4 Tightly Coupled Multiprocessing 27.3.5.5 Loosely Coupled Multiprocessing 27.3.5.6 Very Loosely Coupled Multiprocessing 27.3.6 Grid Computing 27.3.7 Distributed Processing Potentials 27.3.8 Centralized Versus Distributed Architectures 27.3.9 Distributed Versus Multiprocessing 27.3.10 Homogenous Heterogeneous Architecture 27.3.11 Federated Architecture 27.3.12 Other Architecture Types 27.4.1 Point To Point Or Line Or Point To Multi Point 27.4.2 Star Or Centralized Topology 27.4.3 Bus Topology 27.4.4 Ring Topology 27.4.5 Mesh Topology - Fully Or Partially Connected 27.4.6 Tree Or Hierarchical Topology 27.4.7 Hybrid Topology And Topology Control 29.3.1 Traditional Tradeoff Criteria 29.3.2 Sustainability And Regeneration Tradeoff Criteria 29.3.3 Environmental Impact Tradeoff Criteria 31.5.1 UML Structure Diagrams 31.5.2 UML Behavior Diagrams 31.5.3 UML Interaction Diagrams 31.5.4 SysML Diagrams 31.5.5 Paper And Computer Based Practices 33.5.1 Verification Plans 33.5.2 Verification Procedures 33.5.3 Dry Run Test Execution 33.5.4 Formal Test Execution 33.5.5 Test Report 33.8.1 Highly Accelerated Life Test 33.8.2 Safety Tests 33.8.3 Capacity Stress Testing 33.8.4 Destructive Testing 33.8.5 Characterization Tests 33.8.6 Architecture Verification And Validation 33.8.7 Software Intensive System Verification 33.8.8 Interoperability Tests 38.3.1 Shutdown Criteria 38.3.2 Shutdown Preparation 38.3.3 Decommissioning 38.3.4 Disposal 41.5.1 Fixed Formula 41.5.2 Milestone Weights 41.5.3 Milestone Weight With Percent Complete 41.5.4 Units Complete 41.5.5 Percent Complete 41.5.6 Level Of Effort 41.7.1 Cost Variance (Cv) 41.7.2 Schedule Variance (Sv) 41.7.3 Cost Performance Index (Cpi) 41.7.4 Schedule Performance Index (Spi) 42.8.1 Hardware 42.8.2 Software 42.8.3 Support Equipment 42.8.4 Engineering Data 42.8.5 Detailed Evaluation Of Electrical Mechanical Designs 42.8.6 Detailed Evaluation Of Software Designs 42.8.7 Electromagnetic Compatibility 42.8.8 Design Reliability 42.8.9 Design Maintainability 42.8.10 Human Factors 42.8.11 System Safety 42.8.12 Natural Environment 42.8.13 Equipment And Parts Standardization 42.8.14 Parts Standardization And Interchangeability 42.8.15 Assignment Of Official Nomenclature 42.8.16 Value Engineering 42.8.17 Sustainability 42.8.18 Ethics 42.8.19 Transportability 42.8.20 Test 42.8.21 Maintenance And Data 42.8.22 Spare Parts And Externally Furnished Property 42.8.23 Packaging Special Design Protective Equipment 42.8.24 Technical Manuals 42.8.25 System Allocation Document 42.8.26 Design Producibility And Manufacturing 43.2.1 SOW Imperatives 43.2.2 SOW Sentence Structure Suggestions 43.2.3 SOW Words And Phrases To Avoid 43.2.4 Work Words 43.2.5 Product Word List 45.3.1 BOE Elements 45.3.2 BOE Risk Assignments 45.3.3 Cost Estimating 45.3.4 Pricing |
Figure 1 Early Bird - First Communications Satellite
Figure 2 Intelsat IV Communication satellite
Figure 3 Ideal System Convergence
Figure 4 Ideal System Loss
Figure 5 Organizational Failure Scenarios - Effectiveness over Time
Figure 6 Cause and Effect
Figure 7 Causal Relationships
Figure 8 Causal Relationship State Change
Figure 9 Wall Review
Figure 10 Storyboard - Book
Figure 11 Storyboard - Proposal
Figure 12 Storyboard - This Book
Figure 13 Black Box White Box Analysis
Figure 14 Waterfall Model
Figure 15 Front End Systems Practices
Figure 16 Middle Systems Practices
Figure 17 Back end Systems Practices
Figure 18 Less Obvious Stakeholders
Figure 19 Precisely Defined Stakeholders
Figure 20 Groups and Benefiting Stakeholders
Figure 21 Competing Stakeholders
Figure 22 Generic Context Diagram
Figure 23 Context Diagram - Vacation House
Figure 24 Context Diagram - My House
Figure 25 Context Diagram - My House in the Community
Figure 26 Satellite System Concept Diagram
Figure 27 Interface Diagram - Stereo Receiver Amplifier
Figure 28 Context Diagram - Health Care
Figure 29 Context Diagram - City, Village, Nation State
Figure 30 Context Diagram - Electric Power
Figure 31 Context Diagram - Automobile
Figure 32 Functional Block Diagram
Figure 33 Functional Block Diagram - Stereo Receiver
Figure 34 Functional Block Diagram - Future City
Figure 35 Functional Decomposition Level 1
Figure 36 Functional Block Diagram and Specification
Figure 37 Functional Flow Block Diagram (FFBD)
Figure 38 Functional Sequence Block Diagram
Figure 39 Functional Thread Diagram
Figure 40 Functional Block Diagram - Health Care View 1
Figure 41 Functional Block Diagram - Health Care View 2
Figure 42 Functional Block Diagram - Health Care View 3
Figure 43 Electric Power Generation / Automobile View 1
Figure 44 Electric Power Generation / Automobile View 2
Figure 45 Electric Power Generation / Automobile View 3
Figure 46 Concept of Operations Document Tree
Figure 47 Operational Document Interactions
Figure 48 Operational Scenario
Figure 49 Operational Thread Diagram
Figure 50 OSD Symbols
Figure 51 OSD Task Unit - Check Email
Figure 52 Generic Use Case - Air Traffic Controller
Figure 53 Ladder Diagram - Checking Email
Figure 54 Thread Based Development
Figure 55 Timing Diagram - Simple Interface Protocol
Figure 56 Human Eye as a Subsystem and Eye Cone Cell Response Curves
Figure 57 Rod Cone Distribution and Field of View
Figure 58 Field of View Eye Rotation
Figure 59 Field of View Head Rotation
Figure 60 Field of View Eye and Head Rotation
Figure 61 Color and Focal Length
Figure 62 Prism and Light Bending
Figure 63 Line of Sight
Figure 64 Human Information Processing System
Figure 65 Work Shifts - Daily Time Allocation Alternatives
Figure 66 Flowchart Symbols - Software circa 1970
Figure 67 Flowchart - Additional System Symbols
Figure 68 Current USA Emergency Health Care Process
Figure 69 Ideal Emergency Health Care Process
Figure 70 Flowchart - Automobile Troubleshooting
Figure 71 Flowchart - Automobile Drive by Wire Controls
Figure 72 Flowchart - Traditional Automobile Controls
Figure 73 DFD Context Diagram
Figure 74 DFD First Level Decomposition
Figure 75 Context Diagram - Enroute Facility
Figure 76 Level 0 Enroute Facility
Figure 77 Context Diagram Updated
Figure 78 Decomposition and Allocations
Figure 79 DFD Thread View
Figure 80 Decomposition Thread View
Figure 81 HIPO / IPO
Figure 82 HIPO - ATC Tracker
Figure 83 IDEF0 Elements
Figure 84 IDEF0 Decomposition
Figure 85 IDEF0 Page Pair Presentation
Figure 86 A-0 Diagram - Context Diagram
Figure 87 State Diagram and Table
Figure 88 State Diagram - Personal Computer
Figure 89 Reliability Block Diagram
Figure 90 System Availability - Series Subsystems
Figure 91 System Availability - Redundant Subsystems
Figure 92 Reliability Growth Curve
Figure 93 Fault Tree Symbols
Figure 94 Fault Tree and Cut Set - 3 Failures
Figure 95 Fault Tree and Cut Set - 4 Failures
Figure 96 Security Perimeter
Figure 97 System Dynamics Symbols
Figure 98 Linear Time Paths
Figure 99 Exponential Time Paths
Figure 100 Goal Seeking Time Paths
Figure 101 Oscillation Time Paths
Figure 102 S-Shaped Growth
Figure 103 Overshoot and Collapse
Figure 104 Overshoot and Oscillate
Figure 105 Reverse S-Shaped Decline
Figure 106 Model Verification and Validation
Figure 107 System Life Cycle and Technology Development
Figure 108 Technology Assessment Process
Figure 109 TRL Assessment Summary
Figure 110 Diffusion of Innovations - Rogers (1962)
Figure 111 Studies Requirements Specifications Tests
Figure 112 Document Shape
Figure 113 Domain Specific Document Shape
Figure 114 Requirements and Specification Review
Figure 115 Generic Specification Tree
Figure 116 Specification Tree Small Project
Figure 117 Specification Tree with Segments
Figure 118 Document Tree
Figure 119 Very Fine Grain Traceability Approach
Figure 120 Construction of the Water Screw
Figure 121 Centralized Architecture
Figure 122 Fully Distributed Architecture
Figure 123 Partially Distributed Architecture
Figure 124 Hierarchical Architecture
Figure 125 Amdahl's Law
Figure 126 Architecture Types
Figure 127 Point to Point / Line / Multi Point Topology
Figure 128 Star / Centralized Topology
Figure 129 Bus Topology
Figure 130 Ring Topology
Figure 131 Mesh Topology - Fully Partially Connected
Figure 132 Tree or Hierarchical Topology
Figure 133 Centralized Architectures
Figure 134 Distributed Architectures
Figure 135 Distribution and Storage Architectures
Figure 136 The Water Screw
Figure 137 Architecture Depiction Storyboard
Figure 138 Architecture Selection Process
Figure 139 Architecture Decomposition - House
Figure 140 ATC Architecture - Fully Centralized
Figure 141 ATC Architecture - Smart Centralized
Figure 142 Hughes ATC Architecture A1
Figure 143 Hughes ATC Architecture A2
Figure 144 Architecture Verification and Validation
Figure 145 Low Risk Cost Scenario
Figure 146 High Risk Cost Scenario
Figure 147 Supply and Demand Graphs
Figure 148 Offerings and Demand
Figure 149 Needs of the Highway Systems 1955-1984
Figure 150 Hughes NASA Surveyor Lunar Lander
Figure 151 Hughes Syncom 2 First Geosynchronous Satellite
Figure 152 Hughes Galileo Spacecraft
Figure 153 JPL Viking Lander and Mars Landscape
Figure 154 TRW Pioneer 10 Probe and Plaque
Figure 155 Voyager Space Probe
Figure 156 Alternative Lists and Tradeoff Decisions
Figure 157 Win probability Tree
Figure 158 AHP Vertical Hierarchy or Tree Diagram
Figure 159 AHP Horizontal Hierarchy or Tree Diagram
Figure 160 AHP Compared to Alternative List and Tradeoff Matrix
Figure 161 AHP Example
Figure 162 SRDB Traceability to Design and Implementation Information
Figure 163 SRDB Process 1
Figure 164 SRDB Process 2
Figure 165 Test V-Diagram
Figure 166 Maintenance Activities Diagram
Figure 167 Maintainability Allocation
Figure 168 Troubleshooting Tree - Automobile
Figure 169 Schedule Gantt Chart
Figure 170 PERT Chart AOA / ADM
Figure 171 PERT Chart PDM
Figure 172 Generic Work Breakdown Structure
Figure 173 WBS - Writing a Book
Figure 174 WBS - Building a House
Figure 175 Major EVM Elements
Figure 176 Heritage of Different Product Lines
Figure 177 Strategic Plan PERT Chart
Figure 178 Transition Fishbone Diagram
Figure 179 Earth Rising Seen from Moon and Neil Armstrong on Moon
Figure 180 Technology and Sustainability - Sankey Diagram
Figure 181 Sustainable Community
Figure 182 Traditional System V-Diagram
Figure 183 Sustainable System V-Diagram
Figure 184 Sustainable Architecture Depiction - Sankey Diagram
Figure 185 Infrastructure Manufacturing Services
Figure 186 From Necessities to Luxuries
Figure 187 AERA I
Figure 188 AERA II
Figure 189 AERA III
Table 1 System Analysis Levels
Table 2 Financial and Non-Financial Value Systems
Table 3 Concept of Operations Outline
Table 4 Operational Concept Outlines
Table 5 Operational Support Thread
Table 6 Eye Cone Cells and Color Ranges
Table 7 Caffeine Levels
Table 8 Flowcharts
Table 9 Maintenance Philosophy Assumptions
Table 10 Series Subsystems Availability Impact
Table 11 Redundant Subsystems Availability Impact
Table 12 Availability and Downtime
Table 13 Impact of Failure
Table 14 Impact of Failure Counts
Table 15 Failure Effect Severity Levels
Table 16 FMEA Worksheet or Database Record
Table 17 Parity Error Detection
Table 18 Sequence Counter
Table 19 Progress Monitor
Table 20 Single Point of Failure Severity Levels
Table 21 Fault Tolerance Measurement
Table 22 Hazard Severity Levels
Table 23 Hazard Assessment Table
Table 24 Hazard Probability Levels
Table 25 Risk Assignment Matrix
Table 26 HRI Hazard Risk and Acceptance Levels
Table 27 Safety Mitigation Architectures
Table 28 Security Threat Assessment Levels
Table 29 Penetration Analysis Criteria
Table 30 Technology Readiness Levels - NASA
Table 31 Assigning TRL Strategy
Table 32 Technology Readiness Levels - DOD
Table 33 Technology Readiness Levels - NATO
Table 34 Technology Readiness Levels - ESA
Table 35 Technology Readiness Levels - FAA
Table 36 TRL Human Factors Considerations - FAA
Table 37 AD2 Level and General Maturing Activities
Table 38 Technology Adopters and Maturity Levels
Table 39 Project Types and TRL
Table 40 Research and Development Success Scenarios
Table 41 Organizational Technology Maturity Assessment
Table 42 Organizational Technology Readiness Levels Assessment
Table 43 Test Verification Cross Reference Matrix (VCRM)
Table 44 MIL-STD-490 Specifications
Table 45 Indentured List Specification Tree
Table 46 Requirement Paragraph Level Traceability Matrix
Table 47 Parent Child Report
Table 48 Child Parent Report
Table 49 Architecture Types
Table 50 Function Types
Table 51 List of Advantages Disadvantages
Table 52 Architecture Tradeoff Matrix
Table 53 Architecture MOE
Table 54 Architecture Tradeoff Sensitivity Analysis
Table 55 Advantages Disadvantages Charting Alternatives
Table 56 Architecture Tradeoff Actual Specification
Table 57 Architecture Tradeoff Normalized Specification
Table 58 Architecture Tradeoff Stakeholder Ratings
Table 59 Win Probability
Table 60 AHP Assignment Scale
Table 61 SysML Versus UML Diagrams
Table 62 SRDB Information Product List
Table 63 SRDB Attributes
Table 64 SRDB Links
Table 65 Priorities Used For Classifying Defects
Table 66 Test Plan Suggestions
Table 67 Test Plan Outline Suggestion
Table 68 Test Procedure Outline Suggestion
Table 69 Troubleshooting Table - Automobile Engine
Table 70 Priorities Used For Classifying Defects
Table 71 Responsibility Assignment Matrix
Table 72 Common Level 2 and 3 WBS Elements
Table 73 Unique Level 1 and 2 WBS Elements
Table 74 CPI Drivers
Table 75 SPI Drivers
Table 76 EAC Calculation Methods and VAC
Table 77 EVMS Plan Status Example
Table 78 EVMS Variance Report
Table 79 EVMS Estimate at Complete Report Example
Table 80 SOW Work Words
Table 81 SOW Product Word List
Table 82 BOE Cost Risk Assignments
Table 83 Translating Initial BOE Data to BOE Costs
Table 84 Team Mix Characteristics
Table 85 Internal Sustainability and Maturity Levels
Table 86 List of Advantages Disadvantages
Table 87 Architecture Tradeoff Matrix
Table 88 Architecture MOE
Table 89 Our Progress to Date
Example 1 Block Box - Radio
Example 2 Solution and Process are Inseparable
Example 3 Process and Practitioners are Inseparable
Example 4 Stakeholder Representations
Example 5 Context Diagram - Vacation House
Example 6 Context Diagram - Primary House
Example 7 Context Diagram - Other Houses
Example 8 Interface Diagram - Stereo Receiver
Example 9 Concept Diagram - Health Care
Example 10 Context Diagram - Sustainable City
Example 11 Context Diagram - Sustainable Power
Example 12 Context Diagram - Personal Transportation
Example 13 Functional Block Diagram - Stereo Receiver
Example 14 Functional Block Diagram - City
Example 15 Performance and Quality
Example 16 Abstraction Level Needed for Current View
Example 17 Concept of Operations and Operational Concept
Example 18 Operational Thread and Budgets
Example 19 Thread Based Development
Example 20 Office Computer Display Flicker Abuse
Example 21 Flowchart - Emergency Health Care
Example 22 Flowchart - Troubleshooting
Example 23 Flowchart - Unintended Car Acceleration
Example 24 DFD Decomposition - Air Traffic Control
Example 25 HIPO - RADAR Tracker
Example 26 State Diagram
Example 27 Internet Associate Program
Example 28 Banking Transaction
Example 29 Impact of Failure Concept Application
Example 30 Electronic Hardware Interface Failure Modes
Example 31 Single Point of Failure
Example 32 Irresponsible Security Offloading
Example 33 Inherently Secure No Security Perimeters
Example 34 Appropriate Inappropriate Security Monitoring
Example 35 Sum of RADAR Errors
Example 36 Tracking Algorithm Modeling
Example 37 Automobile Crash Tests
Example 38 Traceability to the Line of Code
Example 39 Informal Technology Assessment ATC Simulation
Example 40 Technology Prediction - ATC Workstation
Example 41 Misuse of Technology
Example 42 Traceability to the Line of Code Revisited
Example 43 Technology Infusion - FAA and AAS
Example 44 Heterogeneous Architecture - Wind Farm
Example 45 Federated Architecture
Example 46 Schools Architecture Topology
Example 47 Architecture Morphing - Business
Example 48 Architecture Morphing - Automation
Example 49 Infrastructure System Transition Challenges
Example 50 Synthesis - Air Traffic Control Center
Example 51 Value Systems - Modified Supply and Demand
Example 52 Value Systems - Early Suburban Housing
Example 53 Value Systems - US Interstate Highway System
Example 54 Value Systems - Space Exploration
Example 55 Architecture Selection - Hospital Laptops
Example 56 AHP Matrix Calculations
Example 57 Polymorphism - Air Space Management
Example 58 System of Systems Air Traffic Control
Example 59 Test Procedure Document Organization
Example 60 Automobile Quality
Example 61 Audio Sound System Quality
Example 62 Root Cause Analysis - Emissions Failure
Example 63 Work Breakdown Structures
Example 64 Translating Initial BOE Data to BOE Costs
Example 65 Unsustainable Packaging
Example 66 Unsustainable Transport
Example 67 Think Local Production and Distribution
